Application of Semantic and Pragmatic Principles of Context Theory in the Fiqh Texts on Bay'

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Graduate in Jurisprudence and Islamic Legal Fundamentals, Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas Branch, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic Legal Fundamentals, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Ilam University, Ilam

3 Associate Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic Legal Fundamentals, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.

Abstract

Context theory is one of the most well-known approaches in modern linguistics. This approach seeks to employ scientific and common tools in the linguistic domain to understand the speaker’s intended meaning in discourse analysis and interpretation. The question is how this aforementioned theory can be applied to comprehend the intent of the sacred legislator (shāriʿ al-muqaddas) and, so to speak, in the iṣṭinbāṭ (deduction) of juridical rulings (aḥkām fuqahāʾ). In the present article, the authors, utilizing the common tools and methods of discourse analysis and semantic-pragmatic intention studies, have found certain types of contexts effective in the analysis of iṣṭinbāṭs derived from fiqh texts on bayʿ (sale). The results indicate that the majority of conventional methods—including referencing, substitution, and omission within intralingual context, as well as various illocutionary acts by the renowned linguist John Searle in speech acts such as declarative, assertive, commissive, and directive—can be matched with certain foundational principles of the fuqahāʾ’s iṣṭinbāṭ in the field of bayʿ. Meanwhile, a few of these acts, such as the emotive act, inevitably did not yield the necessary interpretative results for deriving valid aḥkām.

Keywords

References

The Noble Qurʾān. (in Arabic)
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. (1408 AH / 1987 AD). Lisān al-ʿArab (Vol. 1, 14th ed.). Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. (in Arabic)
Abbahrī, Ḥamīd; Tālaqān Ghafārī, Mahdī; Īybī, Setāreh; and Nʿamatī, Eḥsān. (1401 SH / 2022 AD). “Fiqhī-Ḥuqūqī Vakāvī Nahād Navḥa dar Ravī-ye Qezā-ye Irān” [Jurisprudential-Legal Exploration of the Gift Institution in Iranian Judicial Practice]. Faslnāmah-ye ʿElmī Fiqh wa Ḥuqūq-e Nowīn, 3(9), 7–28. (in Persian)
Anṣārī, Murtaḍā. (1411 AH / 1990 AD). Al-Makāsib. Qom: Majmaʿ al-Fikr al-Islāmī. (in Arabic)
Āshānī, Ṭāhira and Maʿṣūmah Nʿamatī Qazvīnī. (1393 SH / 2014 AD). “Tahlīl Khuṭbat Ḥaẓrat Zaynab (ʿalayhā al-salām) dar Kūfah bā Nabard-e Amāl-e Lughawī-ye Sīrl” [Analysis of the Sermon of Lady Zaynab in Kūfah Based on Searle’s Speech Act Theory]. Majallah-ye Safīnah, 12(45), 25–51. (in Persian)
Bojnūrdī, Mīrzā Ḥasan. (1377 SH / 1998 AD). Al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah. Qom: Nashr al-Hādī. (in Arabic)
Barzegar, Mahdī. (1391 SH / 2012 AD). “Ravish-e Tafsīr-e Matn bā Bastarhā-ye Eqtiḍāʾī” [Methodology of Textual Interpretation Based on Constraints]. Faslnāmah-ye Fiqh, Jāmeh Tablīghāt Islāmī, 19(72), 130–165. (in Persian)
Pāyānī, Aḥmad. (1393 SH / 2014 AD). Sharḥ al-Makāsib. Qom: Dār al-ʿIlm. (in Arabic)
Tarkāšvand, Faršīd and Nasrīn Nāgahi. (1392 SH / 2013 AD). “Tahlīl Moghayeseh-ye Sāz-o-Kār Qarīnah va Bastar dar Fahm-e Matn” [Comparative Analysis of the Mechanism of Coincidence and Context in Text Comprehension]. Faslnāmah-ye Pazhūhesh-hā-ye Tarjamah dar Zabān va Adabiyyāt ʿArabī, 3(9). (in Persian)
Jabbārī, Moṣṭafā and Ḥoseyn Rezvīyān. (1394 SH / 2015 AD). “Raftār-e Zabānšenasī-ye Ḥuqūqī dar Matn-hā-ye Fiqhī” [The Footprints of Legal Linguistics in Jurisprudential Texts]. Faslnāmah-ye Motāleʿāt Fiqh wa Ḥuqūq-e Islāmī, 7(12). (in Persian)
Group of Researchers. (1423 AH / 2002 AD). Mawsūʿah al-Fiqh al-Islāmī Ṭabqan limadhhab Ahl al-Bayt (ʿalayhim al-salām). Qom: Muʾassasat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī. (in Arabic)
Ḥujjat Kūh-Kamrāʾī, Muḥammad. (1409 AH / 1988 AD). Kitāb al-Bayʿ. Qom: Al-Nashr al-Islāmī. (in Arabic)
Ḥarr ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. (1434 AH / 2013 AD). Wasāʾil al-Shīʿah. Tehran: Nashr Islāmiyyah. (in Arabic)
Ḥusaynī Maʿṣūm, Sayyid Muḥammad and Rādmard, ʿAbdullāh. (1394 SH / 2015 AD). “Taʾthīr-e Bastar Zamānī-Makānī bar Tahlīl-e Amāl-e Guftārī: Moghāysat-e Farāvānī-ye Noʿhā-ye Amāl-e Guftār dar Sūrah-hā-ye Makkī va Madanī-ye Qurʾān.” Jostārhā-ye Zabānī, 6(3), 65–92. (in Persian)
Ḥekmatnīyā, Maḥmūd. (1391 SH / 2012 AD). “Nazariyyah-ye Ḥaqq az Nīgāh-e Muḥammad Ḥusayn Gharawī Isfahānī.” Faslnāmeh-ye Ḥuqūq-e Islāmī, 9(34). (in Persian)
Zihnī Tehrānī, Muḥammad Jawād. (1369 SH / 1990 AD). Tashrīḥ al-Maṭālib. Qom: Nashr Ḥāziq. (in Persian)
Rāghib Isfahānī, Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad. (1412 AH / 1991 AD). Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qurʾān. Lebanon: Dār al-ʿIlm. (in Arabic)
Rajabī, Maḥmūd. (1396 SH / 2017 AD). Ravish-e Tafsīr-e Qurʾān. Qom: Intishārāt Pazhūheshgāh Ḥawzah wa Dāneshgāh. (in Persian)
Sāsānī, Farhād. (1398 SH / 2019 AD). “Taʾthīr-e Bastar Matnī bar Maʿnā-ye Matn.” Dū Faslnāmah-ye Zabānpužūhī Dāneshgāh al-Zahrāʾ, 2(3). (in Persian)
Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. (1398 AH / 2019 AD). Al-Maʿālim al-Jadīdah. Qom: Dār al-Ṣadr. (in Arabic)
Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. (1432 AH / 2011 AD). Kitāb al-Bayʿ. Qom: Muḥibbīn. (in Arabic)
Ṣafawī, Kūroš. (1382 SH / 2003 AD). Maʿnāšnāsī-ye Kārbordi [Applied Semantics]. Tehran: Hamshahrī. (in Persian)
Ṣafawī, Kūrosh. (1398 SH / 2019 AD). Āshenāʾī bā Maʿnāšnāsī [Introduction to Semantics]. Tehran: Intishārāt Pežvāq Keyvān. (in Persian)
Ṣafawī, Kūroš. (1399 SH / 2020 AD). Daramadī bar Maʿnāšnāsī [An Introduction to Semantics]. Tehran: Nashr Sūrah Mehr. (in Persian)
Ṣafawī, Kūroš. (1400 SH / 2021 AD). Farhang-e Tawsīfī-ye Maʿnāšnāsī [Descriptive Dictionary of Semantics]. Tehran: Nashr Farhang-e Moʿāṣer. (in Persian)
Ṭabāṭabāʾī Qummī, Taqī. (1413 AH / 1993 AD). ʿUmdat al-Maṭālib fī al-Taʿlīq ʿalā al-Makāsib. Qom: Maḥallātī. (in Arabic)
Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. (1417 AH / 1997 AD). Al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom: Muʾassasat Nashr Islāmī. (in Arabic)
Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. (1403 AH / 1982 AD). Al-Rawḍah al-Bahiyyah fī Sharḥ al-Lumaʿah al-Dimashqiyyah. Qom: Dār al-Hādī lil-Maṭbūʿāt.
ʿAzīzī, Sīrūs and Negār Mowmanī. (1391 SH / 2012 AD). Zabānšenāsī-ye Ḥuqūqī: Daramadī bar Zabān, Jorm va Qānūn [Legal Linguistics: Introduction to Language, Crime and Law]. Tehran: Jihād-e Dāneshgāhī. (in Persian)
ʿAskarī Matīn, Sajād and ʿAlī Raḥīmī. (1392 SH / 2013 AD). “Tahlīl-e Goftgū-ye Ḥuqūqī, Vakāvī-e Naqsh-e Kārguft dar Bastar-e Ḥuqūqī.” Majallat-e Jostārhā-ye Zabānī, 4(14). (in Persian)
ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf. (1420 AH / 1999 AD). Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām al-Sharʿiyyah ʿalā Madhhab al-Imāmiyyah. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq. (in Arabic)
Fayyūmī, Aḥmad. (1405 AH / 1985 AD). Al-Miṣbāḥ al-Munīr. Qom: Manšūrāt Dār al-Riḍā. (in Arabic)
Qāʾimī Nīyā, ʿAlī Reżā. (1399 SH / 2020 AD). Maʿnāšnāsī 1 [Semantics 1]. Tehran: Pazhūheshgāh Ḥawzah wa Dāneshgāh. (in Persian)
Kulaynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. (1393 SH / 2014 AD). Al-Kāfī. Tehran: Nūr al-Ṭuqalayn. (in Arabic)
Gandomkār, Rāheleh. (1399 SH / 2020 AD). Farhang-e Tawsīfī-ye Maʿnāšnāsī [Descriptive Dictionary of Semantics]. Tehran: Nashr ʿIlmī. (in Persian)
Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī, Jaʿfar ibn Ḥasan. (1355 SH / 1976 AD). Jāmiʿ al-Madārik fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ. Tehran: Maktabah al-Ṣaduq. (in Arabic)
Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muṣṭafā. (1395 SH / 2016 AD). Qawāʿid Fiqh; Qism-e Madanī 2. Tehran: Samt. (in Persian)
Mazbān, ʿAlī Ḥasan. (1397 SH / 2018 AD). Daramadī bar Maʿnāšnāsī dar Zabān ʿArabī [An Introduction to Semantics in Arabic Language]. Tehran: Samt. (in Persian)
Maṭūrī, Ḥosayn. (1400 SH / 2021 AD). “Tahlīl Sūrah al-Mursalāt bar Páyé-ye Naẓariyyah-ye Amāl-e Guftārī.” Dū Faslnāmah-ye Āmuzeh-hā-ye Tarbīyatī dar Qurʾān va Ḥadīth, 7(1). (in Persian)
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. (1385 SH / 2006 AD). Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh Muqāran. Qom: Madraseh ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib. (in Persian)
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. (1425 AH / 2004 AD). Anwār al-Fiqhah (Bayʿ). Qom: Madraseh ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib. (in Persian)
Mūsawī Khomeinī, Rūḥullāh. (1392 SH / 2013 AD). Al-Makāsib al-Muḥramah. Tehran: Muʾassasat Tanzīm wa Nashr Āthār Imām Khomeinī. (in Persian)
Mūsawī Khomeinī, Rūḥullāh. (1392 SH / 2013 AD). Kitāb al-Bayʿ. Tehran: Muʾassasat Tanzīm wa Nashr Āthār Imām Khomeinī. (in Persian)
Mūsawī Khomeinī, Muṣṭafā. (1376 SH / 1997 AD). Kitāb al-Bayʿ. Tehran: Muʾassasat Tanzīm wa Nashr Āthār Imām Khomeinī. (in Persian)
Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. (1373 SH / 1995 AD). Maniyyat al-Ṭālib. Tehran: Al-Maktabah al-Muḥammadiyyah. (in Arabic)
Nūrī (Muḥaddith), Mīrzā Ḥusayn. (1407 AH / 1987 AD). Mustadrak al-Wasāʾil. Qom: Āl al-Bayt li Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth. (in Arabic)
Austin, J. L. (1975). How to Do Things with Words. Harvard University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1999). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge University Press.
Saeed, I. J. (2003). Semantics. Blackwell Publishing.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics