Paternal and Maternal Lineage and Milk-Kinship in Children Born via Surrogacy

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Student in Law, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch, Gorgan, Iran.

Abstract

Lineage is a legal relationship that emerges through the genesis of a human from another human's reproductive fluid, which the law has recognized and established its legal provisions. The realization of lineage in Islamic jurisprudence and positive law is founded on two axes conventional (natural method) and unconventional (laboratory method), with surrogacy being one of the unconventional methods. In this context, the fundamental question concerns the nature of paternal and maternal lineage of children born through this method. The present article, compiled through library research, investigates paternal and maternal lineage and examines the existence of milk kinship (raḍāʿī) between a child born through surrogacy and the surrogate mother. In this regard, the views of jurists and legal scholars have been critically analyzed. The results demonstrate that despite divergent perspectives among jurists and legal scholars in determining the lineage of infants born through surrogacy, the infant is attributed to the juridical parents (owners of the ovum and sperm). By a fortiori reasoning, the surrogate mother is recognized as the child's milk mother (umm al-raḍāʿah); consequently, she bears only marital prohibition (ḥurmah), but not other lineage effects such as inheritance or custody.

Keywords

References

Ahmadī, Aḥmad. (1385 Sh. / 2006 AD). “Taḥlīl-e Ravish-hā-ye Nowīn-e Komak-i Bārvārī” [Analysis of New Assisted Reproductive Methods]. Faslnāmeh-ye ʿEdālat, 2.6. (in Persian)
Ḥājī ʿAzīzī, Bījan and Qafqāzī al-Asl, Šahrzād. (1394 Sh. / 2015 AD). “Moṭāleʿeh-ye Tatbīqī Vazʿiyat-e Nasab-e Ṭifl-e Motlūd az Raḥm-e Jaaygozin dar Ḥuqūq-e Īrān va Āmrikā” [Comparative Study on the Parentage of Children Born from Surrogate Mothers in Iranian and American Law]. Faslnāmeh-ye Pazhūhesh-e Ḥuqūq-e Khuṣūṣī, (13). (in Persian)
Ḥarr ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. (1414 AH / 1993 AD). Wāsiʿ al-Shīʿah ilā Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʿah. Qom: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt. (in Arabic)
Ḥakīm, Sayyid Muḥsin. (1400 AH / 1980 AD). Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn (vol. 2). Beirut: Dār al-Taʿārif. (in Arabic)
Ḥamdullāhī, ʿĀṣif and Rowshan, Muḥammad. (1393 Sh. / 2014 AD). “Barrasi-ye Tatbīqī Fiqhī va Ḥuqūqī-ye Qarārdādh-e Estefāde az Raḥm-e Jaaygozin” [Comparative Jurisprudential and Legal Study on Surrogacy Contracts]. Tehran: Nashr-e Majd. (in Persian)
Rakhshandeh-rū, Hāmīrā. (1387 Sh. / 2008 AD). Qarārdādh-e Estefāde az Raḥm-e Jaaygozin [Contract for Surrogate Motherhood]. Tehran: Nashr-e Samt. (in Persian)
Razmkẖāh, Najmeh. (1399 Sh. / 2020 AD). “Nasab-e Kudakān-e Motlūdsheodeh az Raḥm-e Ījārī; Moṭāleʿeh-ye Tatbīqī dar Ḥuqūq-e Mawḍūʿeh-ye Īrān va Torkiyeh” [Parentage of Children Born from Surrogacy; Comparative Study in Iranian and Turkish Substantive Law]. Faslnāmeh Pazhūhesh-hā-ye Ḥuqūqī Bahār, (41). (in Persian)
Rezāniyā Moʿallem, Muḥammad Riḍā. (1386 Sh. / 2007 AD). Bārvārī-hā-ye Pezeshkī az Nīgāh-e Fiqh va Ḥuqūq [Medical Fertilization from the Perspective of Jurisprudence and Law]. Tehran: Pazhūheshgāh ʿUlūm wa Farhang Islāmī. (in Persian)
Sāʿadī, Sahar. (1387 Sh. / 2008 AD). Aḥkām Waḍʿī-ye Raḥm-e Jaaygozin. In Majmūʿeh Maqālāt-e Raḥm-e Jaaygozin. Tehran: Nashr-e Samt. (in Persian)
Shākerī, Bilāl. (1396 Sh. / 2017 AD). “Barrasi-ye Fiqhī Estefāde az Raḥm-e Ījārī” [Jurisprudential Review on Surrogacy]. Faslnāmeh-ye Fiqh Ahl al-Bayt, Bahār, (89). (in Persian)
Shahīdī, Mahdī. (1400 AH / 1980 AD). Ḥuqūq-e Madanī: Tashkīl-e Qarārdādhā va Taʿahhudāt (vol. 1). Tehran: Nashr-e Majd. (in Persian)
Ṣādeqī Muqaddam, Muḥammad Ḥasan. (1385 Sh. / 2006 AD). Mabānī Fiqhī va Bāyesteh-hā-ye Qānūn-e Navḥ-e Ehdā-ye Janīn beh Zawjayn-e Nābārūr. In Majmūʿeh Maqālāt-e Ehdā-ye Gāmat wa Janīn dar ʿIlāj-e Nābārūrī. Tehran: Nashr-e Samt. (in Persian)
Ṣāfī Golpayegānī, Luṭfollāh. (1417 AH / 1997 AD). Jāmiʿ al-Aḥkām (4th ed.). Qom: Daftar Āyatullāh al-ʾUẓmā Ṣāfī Golpayegānī. (in Persian)
ʿAlavī Qazvīnī, Sayyid ʿAlī. (1380 Sh. / 2001 AD). “Āthār-e Ḥuqūqī-ye Talqīḥ-e Maṣnūʿ-e Ensān”. In Majmūʿeh Maqālāt-e Ravish-hā-ye Nowīn tolīd-e Nafarī az Nīgāh-e Fiqh va Ḥuqūq. Tehran: Nashr-e Samt. (in Persian)
Qāsimzādeh, Sayyid Murtaḍā. (1387 Sh. / 2008 AD). “Qarārdādh-hā-ye Raḥm-e Jaaygozin (Daygī Pīsh az Tavalod) dar Ḥuqūq-e Īrān” [Surrogacy Contracts (Gestational Agreements) in Iranian Law]. Faslnāmeh-ye Bārvārī va Nābārvārī, 35(2). (in Persian)
Qiblahʾī Khūyī, Khalīl. (1384 Sh. / 2005 AD). “Barrasi Aḥkām-e Waḍʿī-ye Kudakān-e Nāshi az Ehdā-ye Gāmat dar Rabbete bā Tavāruth.” In Ehdā-ye Gāmat wa Janīn dar ʿIlāj-e Nābārūrī (Majmūʿeh Maqālāt). Tehran: Pazhūheshkadah Ibn Sīnā va Samt. (in Persian)
Qiblahʾī Khūyī, Khalīl. (1387 Sh. / 2008 AD). Masāʾil-ye Mustaḥdathah. Tehran: Nashr-e Samt. (in Persian)
Kātūzīyān, Nāṣir. (1400 AH / 2020 AD). Dowreh-ye Ḥuqūq-e Madanī Khānevādeh: Nikāḥ wa Ṭalāq, Ravābit Zan va Shouhar. Tehran: Intishārāt Ganj Dānesh. (in Persian)
Gavāhī, Zahra. (1387 Sh. / 2008 AD). “Barrasi-e Aḥkām waḍʿī-ye Estefāde az Raḥm-e Jaaygozin.” In Majmūʿeh Maqālāt Raḥm-e Jaaygozin. Tehran: Nashr-e Samt. (in Persian)
Moʿinīfar, Muḥaddathah, and ḤājīʿAlī, Farībā. (1389 Sh. / 2010 AD). “Nasab-e Ṭifl-e Šabih-sāzí-shodeh dar Nizām-e Ḥuqūqī-ye Islām.” Dū Faslnāmeh-ye Fiqh va Ḥuqūq-e Khānevādeh, 15(52). (in Persian)
Mehrpūr, Ḥusayn. (1376 Sh. / 1997 AD). “Negarshī be Vazʿiyat-e Ḥuqūqī va Sharʿī-ye Bārvārī Maṣnūʿī.” Majallah-ye Taḥqīqāt-e Ḥuqūqī Dānškadah-ye Ḥuqūq-e Shāhid Beheshtī, 19/20. (in Persian)
Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. (1397 Sh. / 2018 AD). Jawāhir al-Ḥukam fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām (vol. 4). Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, affiliated with Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn Ḥawzah ʿIlmiyyah Qom. (in Persian)

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics