Impact of the 'Iddah of Death and Divorce on the Iḥdād of Women in Islamic Fiqh

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M.A. in Shāfi‘ī Jurisprudence, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Shāfi‘ī Jurisprudence Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

3 Associate Professor of Shāfi‘ī Jurisprudence Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

Abstract

“Iḥdād” or “ḥidād” means the abstention from self-adornment by women during the period of ʿiddah. “ʿIddah” in Islamic fiqh refers to the period of time that women must observe after the death of their husband or divorce, after which they are permitted to remarry; hence, some schools of thought (madhāhib) consider iḥdād as one of the concomitants of ʿiddah. Jurists (fuqahāʾ) are in agreement regarding the obligation of iḥdād, but they differ on iḥdād during the ʿiddah of divorce. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method, examines the fiqhī opinions concerning the impact of the ʿiddah of divorce on the iḥdād of women. Through an inductive survey of fiqhī opinions, it becomes evident that the majority of jurists (jumhūr al-fuqahāʾ) do not deem iḥdād necessary during the period of the ʿiddah of divorce, whereas Ḥanafī jurists consider iḥdād obligatory during the ʿiddah of irrevocable divorce (bāʾin) (minor [ṣughrā], major [kubrā], khulʿ, and dissolution of marriage [faskh al-nikāḥ]). Therefore, the opinion of the majority appears preponderant (rājiḥ) in accordance with the apparent meanings of the texts (ẓawāhir al-nuṣūṣ) and the objectives of the Sharīʿah (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah). The Ḥanafiyyah do not deem iḥdād obligatory for women from the People of the Book (ahl al-kitāb), the insane (majnūn), or minors (ṣaghīr), whereas the majority of jurists, due to the uniformity of the rulings on marriage and divorce (aḥkām al-nikāḥ wa-al-ṭalāq), hold iḥdād to be obligatory for all women, and considering the absence of difference in the effects of marriage and divorce (āthār al-nikāḥ wa-al-ṭalāq), the opinion of the majority appears preponderant.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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